SELECT what_to_select
FROM which_table
WHERE conditions_to_satisfy;
what_to_select指出你想要看到的内容,可以是列的一个表,或*表示“所有的列”。which_table指出你想要从其检索数据的表。WHERE子句是可选项,如果选择该项,conditions_to_satisfy指定行必须满足的检索条件。
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet;
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1990-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
如果你想要浏览整个表,可以使用这种形式的SELECT,例如,刚刚装载了初始数据集以后。也有可能你想到Bowser的生日看起来不很对。查阅你原来的家谱,你发现正确的出生年是1989,而不是1979。
至少有两种修正方法:
· 编辑文件“pet.txt”改正错误,然后使用DELETE和LOAD DATA清空并重新装载表:
· mysql> DELETE FROM pet;
· mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'pet.txt' INTO TABLE pet;
然而, 如果这样操做,必须重新输入Puffball记录。
· 用一个UPDATE语句仅修正错误记录:
· mysql> UPDATE pet SET birth = '1989-08-31' WHERE name = 'Bowser';
UPDATE只更改有问题的记录,不需要重新装载数据库表。
可以从表中只选择特定的行。例如,如果你想要验证你对Bowser的生日所做的更改,按下述方法选择Bowser的记录:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = 'Bowser';
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
输出证实正确的年份记录为1989,而不是1979。
字符串比较时通常对大小些不敏感,因此你可以将名字指定为"bowser"、"BOWSER"等,查询结果相同。
你可以在任何列上指定条件,不只仅仅是name。例如,如果你想要知道哪个动物在1998以后出生的,测试birth列:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth > '1998-1-1';
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
可以组合条件,例如,找出雌性的狗:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = 'dog' AND sex = 'f';
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
上面的查询使用AND逻辑操作符,也有一个OR操作符:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = 'snake' OR species = 'bird';
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
AND和OR可以混用,但AND比OR具有更高的优先级。如果你使用两个操作符,使用圆括号指明如何对条件进行分组是一个好主意:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE (species = 'cat' AND sex = 'm')
-> OR (species = 'dog' AND sex = 'f');
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
找出谁拥有宠物,使用这个查询:
mysql> SELECT owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Harold |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Gwen |
| Benny |
| Diane |
+--------+
请注意该查询只是简单地检索每个记录的owner列,并且他们中的一些出现多次。为了使输出减到最少,增加关键字DISTINCT检索出每个唯一的输出记录:
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
+--------+
可以使用一个WHERE子句结合行选择与列选择。例如,要想查询狗和猫的出生日期,使用这个查询:
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE species = 'dog' OR species = 'cat';
+--------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+--------+---------+------------+
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
+--------+---------+------------+
这里是动物生日,按日期排序:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
在字符类型列上,与所有其他比较操作类似,分类功能正常情况下是以区分大小写的方式执行的。这意味着,对于等同但大小写不同的列,并未定义其顺序。对于某一列,可以使用BINARY强制执行区分大小写的分类功能,如:ORDER BY BINARY col_name.
默认排序是升序,最小的值在第一。要想以降序排序,在你正在排序的列名上增加DESC(降序 )关键字:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth DESC;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+----------+------------+
可以对多个列进行排序,并且可以按不同的方向对不同的列进行排序。例如,按升序对动物的种类进行排序,然后按降序根据生日对各动物种类进行排序(最年轻的动物在最前面),使用下列查询:
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet
-> ORDER BY species, birth DESC;
+----------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+----------+---------+------------+
| Chirpy | bird | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | bird | 1997-12-09 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Puffball | hamster | 1999-03-30 |
| Slim | snake | 1996-04-29 |
+----------+---------+------------+
注意DESC关键字仅适用于在它前面的列名(birth);不影响species列的排序顺序。
MySQL提供了几个函数,可以用来计算日期,例如,计算年龄或提取日期部分。
要想确定每个宠物有多大,可以计算当前日期的年和出生日期之间的差。如果当前日期的日历年比出生日期早,则减去一年。以下查询显示了每个宠物的出生日期、当前日期和年龄数值的年数字。
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(),
-> (YEAR(CURDATE())-YEAR(birth))
-> - (RIGHT(CURDATE(),5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet;
+----------+------------+------------+------+
| name | birth | CURDATE() | age |
+----------+------------+------------+------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2003-08-19 | 10 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2003-08-19 | 9 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2003-08-19 | 14 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2003-08-19 | 12 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2003-08-19 | 13 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2003-08-19 | 4 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2003-08-19 | 5 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2003-08-19 | 7 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2003-08-19 | 4 |
+----------+------------+------------+------+
此处,YEAR()提取日期的年部分,RIGHT()提取日期的MM-DD (日历年)部分的最右面5个字符。比较MM-DD值的表达式部分的值一般为1或0,如果CURDATE()的年比birth的年早,则年份应减去1。整个表达式有些难懂,使用alias (age)来使输出的列标记更有意义。
尽管查询可行,如果以某个顺序排列行,则能更容易地浏览结果。添加ORDER BY name子句按照名字对输出进行排序则能够实现。
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(),
-> (YEAR(CURDATE())-YEAR(birth))
-> - (RIGHT(CURDATE(),5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet ORDER BY name;
+----------+------------+------------+------+
| name | birth | CURDATE() | age |
+----------+------------+------------+------+
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2003-08-19 | 13 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2003-08-19 | 14 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2003-08-19 | 4 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2003-08-19 | 9 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2003-08-19 | 12 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2003-08-19 | 10 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2003-08-19 | 4 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2003-08-19 | 7 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2003-08-19 | 5 |
+----------+------------+------------+------+
为了按age而非name排序输出,只要再使用一个ORDER BY子句:
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(),
-> (YEAR(CURDATE())-YEAR(birth))
-> - (RIGHT(CURDATE(),5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet ORDER BY age;
+----------+------------+------------+------+
| name | birth | CURDATE() | age |
+----------+------------+------------+------+
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 2003-08-19 | 4 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 2003-08-19 | 4 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 2003-08-19 | 5 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 2003-08-19 | 7 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 2003-08-19 | 9 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2003-08-19 | 10 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 2003-08-19 | 12 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 2003-08-19 | 13 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 2003-08-19 | 14 |
+----------+------------+------------+------+
可以使用一个类似的查询来确定已经死亡动物的死亡年龄。你通过检查death值是否是NULL来确定是哪些动物,然后,对于那些非NULL值的动物,需要计算出death和birth值之间的差:
mysql> SELECT name, birth, death,
-> (YEAR(death)-YEAR(birth)) - (RIGHT(death,5)<RIGHT(birth,5))
-> AS age
-> FROM pet WHERE death IS NOT NULL ORDER BY age;
+--------+------------+------------+------+
| name | birth | death | age |
+--------+------------+------------+------+
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | 5 |
+--------+------------+------------+------+
查询使用death IS
NOT NULL而非death
!= NULL,因为NULL是特殊的值,不能使用普通比较符来比较,以后会给出解释。参见3.3.4.6节,“NULL值操作”。
如果你想要知道哪个动物下个月过生日,怎么办?对于这类计算,年和天是无关的,你只需要提取birth列的月份部分。MySQL提供几个日期部分的提取函数,例如YEAR( )、MONTH( )和DAYOFMONTH( )。在这里MONTH()是适合的函数。为了看它怎样工作,运行一个简单的查询,显示birth和MONTH(birth)的值:
mysql> SELECT name, birth, MONTH(birth) FROM pet;
+----------+------------+--------------+
| name | birth | MONTH(birth) |
+----------+------------+--------------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 3 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 5 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 8 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 8 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 9 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 12 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 4 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 3 |
+----------+------------+--------------+
找出下个月生日的动物也是容易的。假定当前月是4月,那么月值是4,你可以找在5月出生的动物 (5月),方法是:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE MONTH(birth) = 5;
+-------+------------+
| name | birth |
+-------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+-------+------------+
如果当前月份是12月,就有点复杂了。你不能只把1加到月份数(12)上并寻找在13月出生的动物,因为没有这样的月份。相反,你应寻找在1月出生的动物(1月) 。
你甚至可以编写查询,不管当前月份是什么它都能工作。采用这种方法不必在查询中使用一个特定的月份,DATE_ADD( )允许在一个给定的日期上加上时间间隔。如果在NOW( )值上加上一个月,然后用MONTH()提取月份,结果产生生日所在月份:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MONTH(DATE_ADD(CURDATE(),INTERVAL 1 MONTH));
完成该任务的另一个方法是加1以得出当前月份的下一个月(在使用取模函数(MOD)后,如果月份当前值是12,则“回滚”到值0):
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MOD(MONTH(CURDATE()), 12) + 1;
注意,MONTH返回在1和12之间的一个数字,且MOD(something,12)返回在0和11之间的一个数字,因此必须在MOD( )以后加1,否则我们将从11月( 11 )跳到1月(1)。
NULL值可能令人感到奇怪直到你习惯它。概念上,NULL意味着“没有值”或“未知值”,且它被看作与众不同的值。为了测试NULL,你不能使用算术比较 操作符例如=、<或!=。为了说明它,试试下列查询:
mysql> SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 <> NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL;
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| 1 = NULL | 1 <> NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
很显然你不能通过这些比较得到有意义的结果。相反使用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL操作符:
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+---------------+
| 1 IS NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL |
+-----------+---------------+
| 0 | 1 |
+-----------+---------------+
请注意在MySQL中,0或 NULL意味着假而其它值意味着真。布尔运算的默认真值是1。
对NULL的特殊处理即是在前面的章节中,为了决定哪个动物不再是活着的,使用death IS NOT NULL而不使用death != NULL的原因。
在GROUP BY中,两个NULL值视为相同。
执行ORDER BY时,如果运行 ORDER BY ... ASC,则NULL值出现在最前面,若运行ORDER BY ... DESC,则NULL值出现在最后面。
NULL操作的常见错误是不能在定义为NOT NULL的列内插入0或空字符串,但事实并非如此。在NULL表示"没有数值"的地方有数值。使用IS [NOT] NULL则可以很容易地进行测试,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT 0 IS NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, '' IS NULL, '' IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 0 IS NULL | 0 IS NOT NULL | '' IS NULL | '' IS NOT NULL |
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
因此完全可以在定义为NOT
NULL的列内插入0或空字符串,实际是NOT
NULL。参见A.5.3节,“与NULL值有关的问题”。
MySQL提供标准的SQL模式匹配,以及一种基于象Unix实用程序如vi、grep和sed的扩展正则表达式模式匹配的格式。
SQL模式匹配允许你使用“_”匹配任何单个字符,而“%”匹配任意数目字符(包括零字符)。在 MySQL中,SQL的模式默认是忽略大小写的。下面给出一些例子。注意使用SQL模式时,不能使用=或!=;而应使用LIKE或NOT LIKE比较操作符。
要想找出以“b”开头的名字:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE 'b%';
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
要想找出以“fy”结尾的名字:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE '%fy';
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
要想找出包含“w”的名字:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE '%w%';
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
要想找出正好包含5个字符的名字,使用“_”模式字符:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE '_____';
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
由MySQL提供的模式匹配的其它类型是使用扩展正则表达式。当你对这类模式进行匹配测试时,使用REGEXP和NOT REGEXP操作符(或RLIKE和NOT RLIKE,它们是同义词)。
扩展正则表达式的一些字符是:
· ‘.’匹配任何单个的字符。
· 字符类“[...]”匹配在方括号内的任何字符。例如,“[abc]”匹配“a”、“b”或“c”。为了命名字符的范围,使用一个“-”。“[a-z]”匹配任何字母,而“[0-9]”匹配任何数字。
· “ * ”匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符。例如,“x*”匹配任何数量的“x”字符,“[0-9]*”匹配任何数量的数字,而“.*”匹配任何数量的任何字符。